classical approach - 2209 Words

Change Management STUDENT NAME: STUDENT NUMBER: DATE: 26/03/2014 INTRODUCTION Many flaws can be found with the classical approach, the birth of which is widely accredited to Fredrick Taylor, in particular how employees became bitter and angry with the levels of managerial thuggery (Rose 1988) that Taylor promoted. There already existed high levels of worker-management conflict, and Taylors approach merely heightened the tensions that it had set out to tackle. Taylors view, and later, Henri Fayol s view of how an organisation could be managed solely focused on the productivity of the worker and how efficiently work could be carried out. It did not take into account the morale of employees or any of their emotional needs, resulting†¦show more content†¦Max Weber (1864-1924) developed the theory of bureaucratic management which, similarly to Fayols approach, was focused on the overall structure of an organisation. According to Weber a bureaucracy must have a number of distinct characteristics. It must have a hierarchical chain of command, where each employer is answerable to a superior, therefore power flows from the top down. Division of labour, where each task is broken down into smaller tasks, with different employees working on each separate part of the task. Each employee is selected on merit and qualification only with no bias shown to favourites. Formalised and detailed rules and regulations must be set out. HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH The beginnings of the Human Relations approach can be traced back to studies on worker fatigue which were carried out while the scientific approach was still being established, and it is fair to say that both approaches overlap. Elton Mayo (1880-1949) expanded on these studies in the 1930 s, most notably with his Hawthorn experiments. (_Managing Change. Bernard Burnes)_ Mayo did not believe that workers were only concerned by monetary rewards, but instead suggested that by having their social needs met at work they would in turn be more motivated and their performance would improve. In his experiments he divided workers into groups and studied how their productivity responded to changes in the environment such asShow MoreRelatedThe Neorealist Approach On Classical Realism1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe neorealist approach was initially started by Kenneth Waltz during the second world war. It was a development on classical realism, building upon the ideas of an anarchic international system, whilst also branching away from the classical realist thought. Realism came to be a popular ideology during world war two, but it’s origins go much further back, dating to 431-404 BC Thucydides’ account of the Peloponnesian wars. Within this essay, I will be primarily comparing the works of Hans MorganthauRead MoreClassical Approach to Management1986 Words   |  8 Pagesmarketing and innovation. The problem of this research is how to use the classical approach to management in this researcher s job as a manager and determine how it affects the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the firm s resources to achieve the policy s objectives. III. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The researcher aims to use the classical approach to management as a manager, and employ Henri Fayol s general theory of managementRead MoreClassical Theory And Classical Approach Theory Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Modern Management Concepts Skills, Classical Approach defined as management approach that emphasizes organizational efficiency to increase organizational success (Certo, P. 509). The approach broken into two areas: The Lower Management Analysis focused on â€Å"One Best Way† of do a job. The second area, Comprehensive Analysis of the management concern focused on a universal process including principal of management. Classical management approach theory developed around nineteenth century.Read MoreIs the Classical Approach to Management Obsolete? Essay635 Words   |  3 PagesIs the Classical approach to management obsolete? Critically discuss your views on this matter This essay argues the validity of the classical approach to management today. We cannot deny that businesses and organisations have evolved and changed a lot since the classical theorists, which date from the early twentieth century, but yet the main ideas about management that they gave to society are still sustainable today. The classical organisation theory represents the merger of scientific managementRead MoreElements Of The Classical And Behavioral Approach To Management1028 Words   |  5 Pages Explain how McDonalds uses elements of the Classical AND the Behavioral approaches to management. McDonalds uses elements of the Classical approach to management in several ways. The approach focuses on maximizing efficiency and productivity. Some other interrelated approaches are scientific management, administrative theory, and the bureaucracy theory. This theory can also be related to theorist Fredrick Taylor. The scientific management was created to analyze and synthesize workflow. He believedRead MoreClassical And Modernist Approach Of Business Organization Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay contains the classical and modernist approach of business organization. Both these theories are very important for an organization to run smoothly. It actually give the managers the base to make the managerial decisions. Classical theory talks about the Henry Fayol’s principles of organization and the modernist theory explains the logical reasons for the making the decision. This essay also contains the information if the logical and modern theories are applicable in the presentRead MoreClassical Management Theories : Scientific Approach1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper will discuss the classical management theories: scientific approach by F. W. Taylor (1856-1915) , and their relevance in modern world in public or private organization structure and behavior. . The theories were modernized and adapted with the today’s world organizational system Scientific management Frederick Winslow Taylor described in, â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management†, How to manage workers application of the scientific management could greatly improve productivity. ScientificRead MoreThe Comparison of Classical Approach and Human Relation Approach in Organisation Studies2990 Words   |  12 Pagesperformance. This paper will discuss about the two theories about management. The comparison, the nature, and the origin of these theories will be presented in this paper. 2.The Theories of Organisation Studies -The Classical Approach- The origin of Classical Approach carried out initially in the early part of the century, by such scientist as Frederick W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, Urwick, etc. Most of them were laying the fundamental for a comprehensive theory of management (Mullins, 2005).Read MoreClassical Management Approach During The 19th Century1224 Words   |  5 PagesThe classical management approach emerged during the 19th and 20th century. The factory system that existed in the 1800s posed challenges that were not encountered by the earlier organizations. Problems arose in tooling the plants, organizing managerial structure, training employees, scheduling complex manufacturing operations and dealing with increased labor dissatisfaction and resulting strikes. These new problems demanded an approach to coordination, control and new sub-species of economic manRead MoreClassical Management Approach And Human Resources Management3365 Words   |  14 Pagesorganizations i.e. classical management approach and hum an resources management approach. Both the concepts are explained in detail with their importance, implication, and drawbacks. The report then linked both the approaches with operations of the organization for which Coles, which is one of the leading retail names in Australia; its business is spread across the country. The report gives a clear picture of how Coles has used and implemented the classical as well as the human resource approach in its operations

MEMORIES OF THE SLAVE TRADE - 1000 Words

MEMORIES OF THE SLAVE TRADE (Rosalind Shaw) â€Å"Memories of Slave Trade† challenges recurring claims that Africans felt and still feel no sense of moral obligation concerning the sale of slaves, Shaw traces memories of the slave trade in Temne-speaking communities in Sierra Leone. While the slave-trading past is infrequently recollected in explicit verbal accounts, it is frequently made vividly present in such structures as rogue spirits, ritual specialists visions, and the symbolism of divination procedures. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and archival exploration the author further contends that memories of the slave trade have molded experiences of colonialism and postcolonialism, and additionally the countrys ten-year rebel war.†¦show more content†¦Diverse historical encounters are subsequently sedimented in what she calls â€Å"palimpsest memories†. Since what happened later is inevitably molded by what happened before and understandings of what happened earlier in history are shaped by what happened thereafter, Shaw contends that memory pushes both advance and counter directionally in time (ibid.: 15). Shaw makes the point that social and cultural practices that show up as â€Å"indigenous† and â€Å"bonafide† were actually forged in the long experience with Europe. Taking her prompt from prior deal with witchcraft (Geschiere 1997), she contends that from the earliest starting point capitalist modernity took plural forms in distinctive parts of the Atla ntic world. In this entrepreneur framework depicted by the trade of human life for wealth and power divination is a manifestation of practical memory that reviews these exchanges. To illustrate this point, regular vignette is put forth: As a white British woman in a former British colony, she anticipated that will be connected with colonialism. At the point when speaking with a diviner who was to reveal to her cowrie shell divination, the seer let her know that she had an association with these articles and their forces: You individuals are the managers of cowries, she said. There is no compelling reason to show you (ibid.: 43).Of

Some Words About Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan English Literature Essay free essay sample

Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan, who wrote under the Takhallus, or pen-name, of Ghalib is still the most influential poet in Urdu. Ghalib agencies conqueror . In the Urdu/Persian tradition, a Takhallus is besides a self-declaring name. At first he wrote under the name Asad , but he consulted a sher, a set of riming pairs in which he sought to epitomize his individuality. The pairs read ; Asad prayed to graven images, yet he was betrayed. Now my shers are glorious, by God s clemency. He commented Asad receives clemency, but by this rubric I am shamed. This displacement gives a critical hint to the significance of Ghalib s puzzling manner. To idolize graven images under the semblance they are God may accrue clemency, but Ghalib writes with the earnestness of one who piously prays to idols as God, non as a heathen, but as one who embraces semblance in order to seek God. Sexual love, the pleasances of drink and the risky insecurity of chancing were therefore semblances whose really contradiction embodied a desire for God. No other poet moves so fleetly from concrete life to mystical devotedness than Ghalib. Ghalib was unfeignedly unconventional as a Muslim, though this creates a job for the devout. His earnestness is embodied in his life and work. Ghalib was born to parents of Turkish blue descent in 1796 in Agra. He lost his male parent and an uncle in early young person. He began to compose early. At 13, a matrimony was arranged with an upper center category household. His married woman was a devout Muslim, who bore him three, or four kids, all of whom died immature. He so moved to Delhi, where his house still stands. Ghalib devoted his life to composing and it was to poetry that he gave most attending. His historical work is a letdown, despite its unrecorded informant of the Mutiny, though this is non a settled opinion. His letters are singular for their conversational easiness and witty sarcasm. All his life Ghalib depended, in turn on upkeep from friends, the Royal Durbar, the British Government and the Nawab of Rampur, with the stop-start consistence Doctor Johnson would hold wryly understood. Ghalib was suspected of back uping the Mutiny ( or First War of Independence ) , but reinstated his repute. His esteem of the British literary tradition was every bit strong as his disdain for the barbarous world of British regulation. He died on 15th February, 1869. Tradition implied every poet should hold a instructor. To be be-ustad was a shame. Ghalib either invented or expanded his contact with Abdulsamad, a Iranian coach from Iran. Like the modern European authors, Paul Celan and Samuel Beckett, Ghalib wrote in two linguistic communications, in his instance, Persian and Urdu. Like them, he intentionally exploited the ambiguities between the contrasting enunciation of the two linguistic communications. However the two traditions portion a similar rhetoric. The ghazal tradition was focussed on tormented love for a distant, or unachievable adult female. To this Ghalib added a broad pallet of metaphysical question, theological speculation, scenes from his practical life and an about dissident temper. While the Iranian tradition seems to hold influenced the Provencal, the European strain of courtly love espoused, valour, criminal conversation and therefore the secretiveness of the senhal, a anonym. The defeat of love prevarications in chance, w hereas in the ghazal tradition, it lies in apparent un-attainability. The similarities contrast and do non meet. To understand Ghalib is to hold on foremost that the individuality of the beloved is rarely defined. It could ever be God, in which instance the properties of the unanswered relationship are upturned to metaphysical consequence. If it is a individual, the love could be brotherly, sisterly, familiar or sexual. The darling became an increasing abstraction in Urdu poesy after the Sixteenth Century. Ghalib s stylistic revolution was to retain the abstraction, yet turn conceptional desire back to the concrete. There is a singular analogue between Ghalib and his younger European coeval, Stephane Mallarme. Like Ghalib he had a devout upbringing, marred by loss of male counsel. Like Ghalib, he married a devout and inflexible married woman. Like Ghalib, he mourned the loss of an baby. Like Ghalib he used the complexness of a related tradition ( in his instance the German Idealistic tradition ) to enrich a reversal of poetic conceptional desire, focused on a construct of void, however to be discerned in the most concrete and spiritual item. Like Ghalib, his technically accomplished poesy neer reached its audience during his life-time. Like Ghalib, his manner challenges great rational sleight in its reading. Like Ghalib, his place as an influence on later poesy is powerful, though unostentatious. The theory of correspondences, stemming from Swedenborg, is a distraction here. It is the usage made by Mallarme by consecutive Symbolist, Expressionist, Surrealist, Modernist and Post-Modernist poesy than provides the existent analogue with Ghalib. I do non claim cognition of modern-day Urdu poetry, but at that place seems to be a rich vena of convergence between the European and Urdu traditions to be found in the comparing. At present, the dynamism of cultural reclamation lies more on the Eastern side than in the West. Recent attempts to understand the tradition of Mallarme seem to hold run into the sand. I quote the attempts of Jonathan Culler. In, Chapter Eight of Stucturalist Poetics, [ 1 ]he states, mentioning to Mallarme s Soupir[ 2 ] say that the adult female is to autumn as the psyche s aspiration is to its inevitable, but unmentioned failure. Yet failure is conditionalised by Mallarme. The psyche is to the sister, as fall is to the Sun. Both the psyche and fall have the power to maintain decease at bay. Winter could be no more concluding than decease. The frozen Big Dipper paths harbour seeds. The push of white H2O seeks to sow the clouds. ( la monte is a Gallic rural look for the genteelness season ) Mallarme keeps pessimism and optimism as unfastened if semi-blasphemous constructions. This is unless one prejudices the issue by claiming that no reading is possible that allows for the world of the transcendent. Jonathan Culler does this later in his dumbfounding statement that Modern critics who concur on small else, seem to hold that this side of Baudelaire- the Baudelaire of Satan, Demons and Evil with a capital E- is of small involvement or importance, non portion of Baudelaire s, or our modernness, but the stale leftover of a Gothic Romanticism which boldly invoked infernal powers. [ 3 ]In fact, the opposite defines his modernness. By taking the stale Satan of Milton, Goethe and Hugo and fusing imitation to scruples, he clears the manner for Mallarme s upside-down scruples of void. Yet even negation is unfastened to faith. A parallel position affects the relationship between Islam and secular post-Modernism. Any reading that starts with the impossibleness of religion, implies the impossibleness of a devout reading of either Mallarme, or Ghalib. One interesting way lies in the links between Jansenism in Mallarme[ 4 ]and Sufi mysticism in Ghalib[ 5 ]. Secular readings should non and make non depend on presuppositions extinguishing the possibility of religion. This is where my relationship to both poets begins. I used to read Mallarme under the desk in my A Level Gallic lessons, non that I despised the music of his coevalss, but that the adult male s undertow of unanswered love was a strong inspiration for my ain authorship at that clip. A twelvemonth or so subsequently, while assisting Fakhir Hussain edit his interlingual rendition of Abdul Harim Sharar s infusions from the Avadh Punch[ 6 ], I encountered Ghalib, in the versions of Malik Ram.[ 7 ] Like all interlingual renditions, mine are a treachery, every bit good as a interlingual rendition. A necessity for undercover agents, the dead missive bead enables the poet to pick up a revealing message from a impersonal topographic point, without bias to its location. Yet every communicating betrays some significance. The eight ghazals I present are a Mallarmean court to Ghalib ; a converse treachery would be to interpret Mallarme into Urdu[ 8 ]. The ghazal is made up of pairs, conventionally five to fifteen, in all. Each sher stands on its ain. A ghazal need non turn to the same construct. All pairs should be independent and follow the same scansion, or behr. There are many different meters in Urdu poesy. They are divided into three kinds- short, medium and long. The tradition seems to hold stopped short of presenting meter as an built-in portion of traditional ghazal pattern, which allows the author in English a necessary freedom, with free poetry off-shoots, such as W. S. Merwin s.[ 9 ]The pairs stick to the rhyming form set by the first sher, or matla. The rhyme strategy begins with a rime word or qafia followed by a chorus or radif which may be a word or set of words. The first pair has the rime in both lines and the others, merely in the 2nd lines. If the radif is Iˆ and A B C are qafias, the form of the ghazal would be AIˆ and BIˆ in the first pair, and CIˆ , DIˆ , EIˆaˆÂ ¦ etc in every 2nd line of the others. The last pair is called the maqta and the poet can include his takhalus. Like Mallarme s early verse form, many ghazals are written in the first individual. Too near an attachment to this strategy sounds insistent in English. Ghalib uses about 19 of the quantitative meters used in the Urdu tradition. In Ghazal 4, I have chosen a single-minded signifier of Chapman s 14 syllable meter. In the others I have chosen the irregular meters of Tennyson and Clough s imitation of Roman quantitative meter. As in the rime strategy, I have used the construction slackly, but I hope recognisably. I have given either a page mention in Malik Ram, or a day of the month to place the original. In the terminal my Homage to Mirza Ghalib demands to be judged as a verse form in its ain right. Ghazal 1 ( p225 ) Your expression s flight surged through bosom and psyche. Both now hired retainers, whom your beauty stole. Your absence is a welcome lesion that Burnss. Sweet gustatory sensation of night-time joy, you vanish whole. Get up now. Bedded forenoons lose their temptingness. My ashes swirl across pathwaies her pess assure. State the zephyr I m happy she neer ran off. See how curving, how graceful her soft pace, so demure. The beat of her walking has shattered all my hopes. Now every man-about-town at her chic communion table gropes. Praise for the brave falls on deafened ears. My eyes turn at a lacing drape s splash. See, it copes! The drunken oculus s excitement clouds your face. What was and shall be clip will now obliterate, for the cleft of day of reckoning came on the dark you left. So Master, times like this clasp you in inexorable embracing! Where so are the daydreams immature work forces hold in topographic point? 24/02/1975-14/08/03. Ghazal 2 ( 1819 ) Recently so strong my now far fallen bosom will shout no longer in unschooled art. Run through by curst hope in a jambon battle, I crawl, vile, to the wings, a exhausted upstart. Rehearse a lesser function, a amusing lover s decease, and hang no more on my miss s enraged breath. Six entrywaies make sense. The floodlighted phase, where light-years mingle at my twentieth. The organic structure of my loved one stands undressed. Merely my sightlessness shames her truth expressed. My contract bosom is signed to circumstance, yet ever seeks her in desire s hurt. I have cancelled the hope of religion s crop Crops gathered from decease s Fieldss are non best. Immune to more hurting, I make unafraid my name. Yet a once-strong bosom lies incapacitated under my chest. The hero of love unrequited falls into love s dark uninvited. Ghazal 3 ( 111 ) Few dead carnival faces come alive once more in fresh tulips or the rose. The remainder prevarication sunken in a quag of slender lips crushed in rest. I remember the public violence, the sheer carouse of festival assemblages. Now silence shelves their forms in limbo none would expose. A secret in the daylight sky, the dazzling girls shine seven fixed visible radiations at twilight ; who taught them to deprive in chorus line? None brought Judah newss of captive Joseph s slumber. His eyes made opened walls see and stone seeded fanlights redefine. My challengers anger me, though Zulaika neither mourned nor raged, when Egyptian misss were fainting for her Moon of Caanan caged. Blood should spring from my eyes, for I lie apart in partitioned dark. In foreign darkness and tearful visible radiation, two tapers burn encouraged I shall happen those providential misss and be avenged their attenuation bangs. Peace now and pride. Night s arm strewn tresses soothe my ailments. Is this a grove? The Luscinia megarhynchoss would hold a cantabile school Birds mimic my calls. This one thinks it s a ghazal she trills. The bosom of her looking is to lance my bosom, O God. It beats a downcast pulsation, under wretchedness s and bad luck s rod. Endlessly these suspirations good up my pharynx. I gag them back. They swell as stitches, torn from my unfastened neckband as I nod. I went to her house, but could I reply her contempt? I wearied her doorkeeper with eternal supplication. I woke him at morning. Now wine elates me. The manus that holds the cup is running with venas, in jugular blood it has sworn. I believe in God, yet spurn all rites to take them up devout, when religion across the universe is dead and all faith s out. When a adult male had carries every bit much as I, such loads are light. Passion becomes a void, a shadow of a uncertainty. Ghalib if you go on like this the people will take attentiveness and small towns and towns will neglect, the land will blow so. 30/11-1/12/1975-14/08/2003 Ghazal 4. ( p.486 ) To emancipate life s torpidity, I have blent another universe of life visible radiation and aroma. Though the austere would take no pleasance, I would tumble the forenoon star and invent a plaint that would so travel my girlfriend s bosom that her weaponries would wither and her watchbands portion. and hurtling snake pit s fury to humanity, I would long to capture the rational art. A date-palm, I ripen with macaws strident hilarity. A cloud, I summon hailstorms of pearl to the Earth. That would state soldiers of chagrin, should agitate up their arms, put blades in their position. I censure the prayerful their dogmatism that even the faithless would follow me. My wickednesss convey me here on high to the Kaaba. She so stretched her supplication, I curled up sleepily Here I would rest and travel no farther, strengthen my drink and chastise my excitement. I would toss off the liquefied goblet in one spell, the entryway to paradise being my loot. Into the sacred spring, I pour my wine-filled glass. I am the heresiarch of the God entirely category. I am he who raises the call, I am God s king of beasts. No pearl more cherished than one I fling at the Imam so crass. Maestro I have founded new words to praise Your tallness. Worship like mine puts ennui to flight. Ghazal 5 ( From Persian ) ( pp 483-4 ) Cruel heathen, she strips my bosom of grace. She is tall and her robe lays bare her face. Hell is the ferociousness of her Acts of the Apostless and paradise the icon of her face. She wears you to torpor with her reserved ways. The quicker your death: the Oklahoman her congratulations. A Parsee, she worships those ungratified fires, keeping green subdivisions to the old God she prays. Harsh as sudden decease, she is as faithless as the joys of this life we live in surplus. She blesses like an covetous Lord. A obstinate hobo, she d steal your bosom for less. She spurs audaciousness, but orders wretchedness. Hard, she is a lonely, wasted district. A cloistral garden is her stamp attention. Her curlscurtained temptingness appeals enigma. A glance of her organic structure varnishes her gift, She sings Isolde to herself, yet she will raise me down to play Tristan when she s miffed. Ghazal 6 Freed from conclusiveness, cornet glad newss, your hilarity, fling your shadow to the Sun, your H2O to the sea. Bare your dorsum to the head covering of her temptingness. Wine s fire suffices. Your chest wounds all can see. Give flints to jewelry makers ; your bosom to her furies. From the beginning of your cryings soften lover s pages. Regret our moans, comfort and admit her appeals. Dew-wakened blooms, brimming with balm and sage, the rain-clouds and reapers mature your aroma. Do non disperse your favors from a high acclivity, but do me, unknowing, your wrath s exclusive purpose. Shoots informed of spliting out, florescent, learn her lissome, fascinated alder how to walk. Though she forbid my stolen, tearful bosom to speak Allow me the right to condense its passion, the right to maintain a silence she can neer resist. You who envy my joy so absurd, travel cut the wings of the humming bird. Ghazal 7. ( 22 ) ( 1847 ) Beloved our brush shall non be. Given epochs, no hope lives of you and me. Yet I feed on where hope is light. Death lies certain, for you must be. Fragile, your comeliness, your word, retrieve, with watchbands fixed, you might give up. Ask me to claim your expression s tight bow. Had the bolt struck, no hurting would it render. What times are these when friends make me take a firm stand and non to simmer down my passion s effect? The deep stone s venas would hold bled abundantly, were my afflictions triping my psyche to its schist. Mercilessly, my grieving seeps out. Not sorrowing your loss, grieves addition as uncertainty. Should I talk of the long dark s yearning? I d sooner speak of decease if it had some clout. Yet others would dish the dirt of cowardliness so I ll submerge with no organic structure or building. Who can see God, the lone unique one? Mysticism now, what accomplishment, what office! We d canonize you were you non a rummy! You d be our saint to whatever deepnesss you d drop. Ghazal 8 ( p196 ) Your silence non to be breached by the mouthed word ; merely the lesion s natural lips can express ideas non erred. The universe is all that lover s moans have listed on Laila s forehead, an endless enchantment, infinitely heard. Passion and grief invite no gaiety. These you will non detect, to my hurt. But deeper torment may spur compassion. Do nt reprimand my heartache ; to this quandary all turn at length. The rending of my bosom gives no entree. Why rupture your shirt apart and be the butt of those who jeer? How much longer can this digest start from the fragments of my scattered psyche and H2O wastes to do the thorn shrub whole? Ageless loved-one, you hide in your blaze fire. The earthly oculus can non gestate your function Insane, I am the cesspool of the universe. Break unfastened my caput, with the rock you hurled and you will happen pearls with a tear s luster. If such is my addition, what loss if my humor s unfurled? The promise of ecstasy shortens my life with its fire. Who has the hours to incorporate such a pyre? This cruel, wild hungering for truth forces affliction that new things transpire. My effusions are spent. They have shattered my caput. I have merely my custodies what can I do alternatively? I shall raise a visible radiation that the faultfinders can non see. I shall inflame a fire that the Phoenix has fled. The unaccessible morning of this poet s joy felt wages excessively high a monetary value ; for his bosom would run. Duncan McGibbon was born in Greenock Scotland in 1949. He lived in Wolverhampton, Middlesbrough, Kent and Twickenham. He attended St Mary s College, Strawberry Hill and King s College London. He was a member of the Poet s Workshop which ran through the Sixtiess to the Nineties where his wise mans were among others, the late Philip Hobsbaum, George MacBeth and Leonard Clark, and Peter Porter and Alan Brownjohn. He began printing in diaries in the 70 s. He presently lives and works in Geneva, transposing between his British and Genevan workshops.

Violence In School Essays - Misconduct, Behavior, Human Behavior

Violence In School http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/violence/98030001.html Violence and Discipline Problems in U.S. Public Schools: 1996-97 Executive Summary No matter where you are, parents want their students to be safe and secure that might even precede a quality education With drugs, gangs, and guns on the rise in many communities the threat of violence weighs heavily on most principals' minds these daysAnyone who thinks they are not vulnerable is really na?ve. (Principal Michael Durso, Springbrook High School, as quoted in the Washingtonian Magazine, September 1997). Background Recent events have again focused the nation's attention on violence in U.S. public schools, an issue that has generated public concern and directed research for more than two decades.1 Despite long-standing attention to the problem, there is a growing perception that not all public schools are safe places of learning, and media reports highlight specific school-based violent acts. The seventh goal of the National Education Goals states that by the year 2000, all schools in America will be free of drugs and violence and the unauthorized presence of firearms and alcohol, and offer a disciplined environment that is conducive to learning. In response to this goal, the Congress passed the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1994, which provides for support of drug and violence prevention programs. As part of this legislation, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is required to collect data to determine the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of violence in e lementary and secondary schools. NCES responded to this requirement by commissioning a survey, the Principal/School Disciplinarian Survey on School Violence, 1996-97, the results of which are detailed in this report. The school violence survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1,234 regular public elementary, middle, and secondary schools in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the spring and summer of 1997. The survey requested information on four main topics: ? The incidence of crime and violence that occurred in public schools during the 1996-97 academic year; ? Principals' (or school disciplinarians') perceptions about the seriousness of a variety of discipline issues in their schools; ? The types of disciplinary actions schools took against students for serious offenses; and ? The kinds of security measures and violence prevention programs that were in place in public schools. The types of criminal incidents that schools were asked to report included murder, suicide, rape or other type of sexual battery, assault or fight with a weapon, robbery, assault or fight without a weapon, theft/ larceny, and vandalism. Any effort to quantify the frequency and seriousness of these crimes and violent incidents occurring in public schools will be affected by the way in which the information is collected and reported. Three important aspects of the process that were used to gather the data reported in this publication were: ? ? The survey questions asked, including how the questions were phrased, definitions applied, time span covered, and the context in which they were asked; ? The choice of survey respondent; and ? The survey sample size. The reader should keep these aspects of the survey in mind when comparing results of this particular sample survey with other studies on school crime and violence. The data reported from this study may vary from data reported elsewhere because of differences in definitions, coverage, respondents, and sample. For example, the data reported in this survey describe the number of incidents of crime, not the number of individuals involved in such incidents. It should be noted that an incident could involve more than one individual perpetrator or individual victim. Similarly, an individual perpetrator or victim could be involved in multiple incidents. Key Findings How Serious A Problem Was Crime And Violence In U.S. Public Schools In The 1996-1997 School Year? More than half of U.S. public schools reported experiencing at least one crime incident in school year 1996-97, and 1 in 10 schools reported at least one serious violent crime during that school year (table 7). ? ? Fifty-seven percent of public elementary and secondary school principals reported that one or more incidents of crime/violence that were reported to the police or other law enforcement officials had occurred in their school during the 1996-97 school year. ? Ten percent of all public schools experienced one or more

Death Of A Salesman Essays (844 words) - English-language Films

Death Of A Salesman Essays (844 words) - English-language Films Death Of A Salesman Analysis of Death of a Salesman The tragedy of a family The play Death of a Salesman was written by Arthur Miller in 1949. He was born on October 17, 1915 in New York City. Most of Millers works emphasizes the common man struggling through the misconceptions and false illusions that modern society imposes. In the case of Death of a Salesman, Miller uses social realism, which is the attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life (Encarta 1). The main themes of this play are the idea of the American dream and what it takes to success, the struggle to distinguish between reality and illusion, and the emotional problems of the family. Death of a Salesman is the story of the Loman family, especially Willy, trying to accomplish the American dream, but with no success. Willy Loman is married to Linda, and his two sons are Biff and Happy. Other characters as Ben, Charley, Bernard, and the women in the hotel play a major role in Willys downfall through the story. Willy has always wanted to be successful and well-liked among people, but he has not accomplished anything. Miller presents a common man, Willy, as the tragic character of the play. In an article Miller states, I think the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing his sense of personal dignity (Miller, 1). In this article Miller clearly conveys that a person will sacrifice anything, even his or her own life, to protect his or her dignity. In Death of a Salesman Willy is willing to sacrifice anything to accomplish his dreams of being successful and known as a powe rful salesman. The play starts with Willy returning home from a sales trip. He is getting old and tired of traveling long distances. His two sons, Biff and Happy, are visiting the family. Willy tells Linda he does not know why Biff is lost, without a job, and no money. Willy expects his two sons, especially Biff, to become successful, but he has not realized that even his two sons are incapable of succeed. Willy has immersed himself into a world of illusions. He is always tormented with the hopes and dreams he had years ago. Throughout the play Willy has flashbacks of his life, which are somehow related to the present events. Biff and Happy discuss in their bedroom about how Willy is becoming senile in his old age. Willy is in the kitchen remembering how Biff used to be popular in high school and the superstar of the football team. Willy has the wrong ideas about life. He believes that all it takes to be successful in life is to be well liked. He tells his sons, Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see a buyer. Willy Loman is here! Thats all they have to know, and I go through (DiYanni, 1142). In a sense, Willy is lying to his sons and to himself. He thinks he is well-liked, but in reality he is not. Another influence in Willys downfall through the play is the presence of his brother Ben in his dreams. Ben tells Willy that he became rich when he went to Africa and found a mine of diamonds. One might think Ben is not real, yet to Willy, Ben is very real. Ben is another driving force behind Willys idea of success. As the play continuous, Willy becomes more involved in his dreams. He also remembered when Biff caught him with another women in a hotel during a business trip. Although Biff does not like what his father did, he feels sorry for him. Willy lives a life filled with false hopes. Biff and Happy tell him that they are going to talk with Bill Oliver, Biffs previous employer, to start a sporting good business. The next day, the Loman Family goes to the Franks Chop House where Biff and Happy invited Willy and Linda. In the restaurant Willy

Checking in on New Years Resolutions... How Are Yours Going

Checking in on New Years Resolutions... How Are Yours Going If you didn’t write down your New Year’s Resolutions in January, or even if you did, you may have completely forgotten about them by now. I know that left to my own devices, I would be completely unreliable with regard to checking back on my promises from January. Thankfully, I have a blog and newsletter- with an audience- to keep me accountable! As I look back at my resolutions for my business in 2013, I realize I have succeeded in fulfilling 2 out of 6 of them. Yikes! Let’s look at the hard facts: 1. Publish a Spanish-language version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. I engaged a consultant to look into the possibility of finding someone who wanted foreign rights to my e-book; no one was interested. This meant that if I were to publish a Spanish version of my book, I would have to do it myself. After considering the realities of the costs and effort involved in revising the book in Spanish as well as in English each time LinkedIn changes something in its platform, I determined that this project would not be a good use of time and resources. I did put a lot of thought into this decision however! 2. Publish a 50 Resume Tips book I’m pleased to announce that I will be publishing not one but TWO e-books on resumes within the next month: How to Write a WINNING Resume: 50 Tips to Reach Your Job Search Target and How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume: 50 Tips to Reach Your Job Search Target. Watch my newsletter for the official announcement about when the books will be available on Amazon! 3. Obtain a Master Resume Writer certification (CMRW) from Career Directors International. DONE as of March 2013! 4. Increase the college essay / personal statement portion of my business to 25% of total business. I have not found the key to increasing the number of personal statement clients I work with in a year. Admissions season is about to start, so I can’t be sure of the numbers for the year, but as of today admissions consulting represents less than 10% of The Essay Expert’s business (last year was a little more than 10%). If you have ideas of how to change that, please let me know- and please send clients if you know anyone in need of personal statement coaching! 5. Start a training for resume writers. This project never quite got off the ground. I was focused on publishing the resume writing e-books and will revisit the resume writer training once the books gain some traction. My vision is to use the books as a syllabus for training. If you know anyone who would be interested in being trained by me as a resume writer, please have them contact me at BrendaB@TheEssayExpert.com. Thank you! 6.  Create 213 success stories! As of this writing my list is not completely updated, but I have about 50 success stories to report. I’m definitely behind on this goal. Part of the challenge is that many people do not keep me as updated as I would like about their job search successes! If you’re reading this and you have received an interview or job after hiring The Essay Expert or following my advice, please report to me at BrendaB@TheEssayExpert.com. Thank you! That’s my report. How are you doing on your New Year’s resolutions? If there’s any way I can support you please let me know! Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinSeptember 3, 2013

Enron case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enron case - Essay Example The companies’ acts usually serve to offer adequate regulatory approaches, that auditor and companied to adhere to. With this respect, it is a requirement of SEC that all public corporations should have outside auditors to undertake the auditing process. This implies that an outside auditor is supposed to offer opinions regarding the precision and reliability of the company’s accounting statements, taking into consideration the principle of objectivity, lack of biasness and avoiding the engagement in activities that are likely to result to lack of auditor independence (Haines 14). As a result, auditors are required to display utmost ethics and honesty in the code of duties, which requires auditors to display integrity, objectivity and independence. The regulatory oversight that resulted to the Enron fraud is a violation of the aspect of auditor independence as evident by Andersen having an office space in Enron’s headquarters that was permanent. This served to re veal lack of auditor independence (Hill & Cronk 10). In addition, there is a possibility that Andersen overlooked Enron Corporation’s compliance with the required accounting policies, procedures and practices. In addition, Enron Corporation had relied on the auditing services from Andersen, resulting to him familiarizing with the corporations accounting policies and practices. The Enron scandal served to reveal the significance of auditor independence; as a result, the fraud served to question the efficiency and the adequacy of the present audit independence regulatory frameworks. The auditing procedures prior to the Enron fraud were sufficient to ensure that there is high audit quality, but in some cases fails to identify misappropriations (Hodgetts & Luthans 33). There have been significant changes in accounting regulations after the collapse of the Enron Corporation with the main

Weekly ass. #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly ass. #7 - Essay Example After sending and deleting personal emails, employees think that they are safe and cannot be discovered. Employers have the right to access their employee’s emails, and put up backups, which can retrieve such emails even when deleted. According to Jennings, â€Å"Courts have ruled that email messages belong not to the employee but to the employer and are discoverable in litigation where upon they must be turned to the opposing party†, (Jennings, 2009,Pg. 180). This means that employees do not own the emails at their work place, and they can be sued for using them to pass personal messages. Blackberries are personal properties, which are owned by individuals. Such individuals have the right of usage of their property and they can therefore send personal emails to their friends. However, same kind of care is necessary since it is unethical to send messages via any platform using the employer’s time. Messages on Blackberries should only be sent during personal time. Additionally, Blackberries should not be used to set rogue access points on the company’s

Poverty Essay Introduction Essay Example for Free

Poverty Essay Introduction Essay Poverty is a serious issue that has been going on for centuries. Every day there are people who die due to hunger but there are solutions to reducing, and even stopping, poverty. Global poverty comes in an abundance of shapes and sizes. One of the main sources of poverty is the lack of investment in the future at all levels. The manufacturer outsources to China because he does not want to invest in long-term employees. The government does not want to invest in quality employees through education, infrastructure, health care, etc. The potential employee does not want to invest in his future through education or training, but would rather have immediate gratification of leisure. A second main source is the lack of certain basic government functions. The government needs to be able to provide stability, through laws and establishing property rights. Without these basic things, there is little incentive for the people to develop new products, or work hard, because it will just be taken away by someone more powerful. I dont think government is the solution to everything, but it is necessary for a few basic functions.

Russia :: essays research papers fc

Comparative Politics Gerard Chretien RUSSIA: POLITICAL STRUCTURE: Summary: Why the democratic structure in Russia is proving to be unsuccessful. INTRODUCTION: The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, disintegrating into thirteen different states. Ever since the political structure of Russia has been viable and lacks stability. Many reasons can be cited for this instability out of which the bearish economy and a shaky democratic system are the main causes. ANALYSIS: The reforms taken after Russia’s disintegration have yet to be proved fruitful. The economy is in no better shape then before and politically Russia has great set backs in the name of the ongoing war with Muslim freedom fighters in Chechnya. â€Å"The most important factor that needs to be established is economic growth. Successful economic development will ease the transition and enable violence and dissention among the races very avoidable. If resources are abundant and properly distributed then multiple markets can grow. However, when resources run scarce and competition arises for limited assets then violence and animosity become the only plausible alternatives. If two industries fiercely compete for limited resources then one is likely to be forced out of the market. A sound and developing economy is essential for the happiness and orderly conduct of the people (Barner-Barry & Hody, 1995)(1). Another problem cited in the progress is the difficulty of transition from communism to democracy when the government officials are trained in the old system. The process of privatization requires lengths of time and willingness of the people to take upon the businesses for which they require full governmental protection, easy paper work and full rights over their property. â€Å"If Russia is to make the transition, it must rediscover civil society (the informal network of family, church, service organization and the like). Strong civil society provides the political culture that supports liberal institutions, but the Communist Party deliberately destroyed many elements of civil society to ensure party dominance. Russia faces moral, economic, and legal gaps in its civil society. Hence Russia has a difficult road to achieve democracy.†(2) It was a widely held belief that with the fall of the Soviet Union Russia would make a rapid transition into democracy and free markets. â€Å"This overlooks the crucial role of political culture in shaping and supporting political and economic institutions. Russia did not have the political culture appropriate to western-style institutions and so became chaotic and lawless. For Russians, democracy became a dirty word, as it symbolized Russia’s troubles.

Kardell Paper Company Decision Essay

The Board of directors of Kardell Paper Company should accept the installation of the new processing technology witch protects the environment by refining the company’s waste water .Implementing this new technology will increase the company’s long- term profitability and reputation by providing enough power and ability to compete and operate efficiently in the future market. This ethical solution is offered, after analyzing Kardell’s board of directors’ decision to refuse the new technology due to its high turn over costs. The impacts of this decision on the company’s primary stakeholders is studied carefully by using the 5-question ethical approach. The assessment has been made by comparing the profitability, legality, fairness and rightness of the company’s decision and its impacts on major groups of stakeholders and their interests. Introduction The Kardell Paper Company (KPC) is a publicity traded company with good financial record and a profit of $1.7 million per year.Kardell’s original mill which is not designed with accordance to high environmental protection standards, is located near the Riverside, a community of 22,000 residents (Brooks 371) The local community has been suffering from an unusually high rate of miscarriages and respiratory disorders since 1985.Therefore,in the same year, a research has been done on the water sample of the river which showed high level of industrial chemical called sonox.Also,it was discovered that the plant lab failed to mention the high sonox level in its monthly report to the managers. However, after informing the CEO and the Board of Direcors, no serious action has been taken to solve this problem and proven the situation. They failed to undertake an appropriate environmental audit and even refused the possible solution of adopting a new technology to refine the companyâ€⠄¢s waste water.(Brooks 372) The Issues In fact, KPC’s board of directors faced two major problems in adopting the new technology. First, the $70 million cost of implementing the new technology which would affect the productivity and profitability of the company. Second, the issue of unemployment and job loss that will occur, as a result of shutting down during the retrofit. To analyze and asses KPC’s decision, the 5-question framework will be used. This approach requires identifying the company’s most important stakeholders, prioritizing their interests and applying five questions to examine the impacts of the company’s decision on each stakeholders group (Tucker 348). Identification of Stakeholders and their Interests According to the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), companies are concerned for the well being of the people, society and the environment (Brooks 399). Therefore, identification of all the stakeholders and their concerns are quite important for analyzing companies’ business decisions and ensure their long term success. The most important stakeholder groups that are impacted by KPC’s decision can be recognized and ranked as follow. Current and Future Shareholders The impact on this group measures in terms of profit or loss. In this case, current shareholders will face a short-term reduction in the dividend payments due to the high cost of adopting the new processing technology ($70 million) and the probability of capacity level reduction during the retrofit. However, if the decision becomes known, the company may end up paying high clean up and compensation costs as well as Governmental fines.On the other hand, the future shareholders such as ethical investors are more interested in long-term profits and give more value to moral and ethical behavior of the company. KPC’s Employees and Labor Union They may potentially get unemployed or receive less salaries and benefits due to the productivity reduction during the retrofit. However, KPC is putting its employees and their family’s life at risk by being the source of harmful emission and keep polluting their environment.Therefore, by refusing to install the new technology, KPC is ensuring the employees’ job and salaries at the expense of ignoring their core human rights such as right to good health. KPC’s Managements This group consists of the company’s Executive Officers and other managers who receive generous bonuses and benefits. They seek for short term profit without paying enough attention to the long term consequences of their decision. They have ignored the risks that are involved upon revelation of their decision by whistle blowers such as; possible clean up costs as well as negative reaction of the community by boycotting the company’s products. Local Community There is no doubt that KPC has CSR toward the community and therefore must ensure the business continues operating to create wealth and to build good reputation (Brooks 399). As the local community is suffering from the side effects of the high sonox level in the water, KPC has to act responsible ,honest and reliable to solve their problem. On the other hand, the local community might be highly dependant on the company as a main source of income in the area and would severely suffer during the retrofit. But, there is no doubt that saving their lives and living environment should be the company’s first priority. Government As the Government wants the health and well being of the society and protect  them from harm, it would like KPC to invest in the technology and bring down the number of sick people. Also, this might be to the government benefit as it would reduce the health cost. As it has explained, KPC’s primary stakeholders consist of different groups with various interests .For being able to asses the impact of the company’s decision, the fundamental interest of the stakeholders should be taken into consideration. The decision should maximize the well-offness of all stakeholders, should result in a fair distribution of benefits and burdens, and also should not offend any of the rights of stakeholders (Brooks 336). Considering the above mentioned criterias, even though the proposed decision may maximize some current shareholders and managers’ profits, but it is defiantly not fair or profitable for the other employees and the community.Moreover, KPC is offending the core human rights of the residents and its employees by jeopardizing their lives and health. Unquestionably those rights should be the company’s first and principle concerns. Application of the 5-Question Approach 1- Profitability There is no doubt that the refusal of installing the new processing technology which cost $70 million and results in shutting down the firm, will be profitable in short term and will also reduce the risk of economic loss.However,the likelihood of the decision becoming public by either whistle blowers or ethical shareholders has to be estimated. In this case, KPC might face serious problems such as; loosing the community support, paying high compensations and clean up costs as well as possible future lawsuits for damaging the environment.Consequently, adopting the new technology will be more cost benefit in long term.Moreover, KPC will be able to offset some costs by reclaiming waste material and sell it to chemical producers (Brooks 372). 2- Legality The KPC’s decision might not be illegal at the moment as it complies with the existing governmental limits and environmental regulations. But due to high number of miscarriages, birth defects and respiratory aliments in the area, there is no doubt that the government will tighten the standards to limit the sonox emission in near future. Therefore, KPC should make a proactive decision to reduce any chance of probable lawsuits.Also, according to the Golden Rules; KPC managers should treat the community as they want to be treated (Hunt and Cox 22). Also, KPC should give priority to the values such as Integrity, honesty, Responsibility, Predictability and try to apply more ethical principles and ground rules to implement those values. 3-Fairness While the deferment decision may considered fair and profitable for shareholders and managers, it is unfair for majority of stakeholders With regard to CSR ,KPC is not only responsible to make profit for its shareholders but also committed to various stakeholders (Brooks 359).Also, the even distribution of benefits and interests among all stakeholders a should be taken into consideration.If,this unfair treatment becomes public, it may result in severe reaction from the injured parties which will cause business failure. 4- Impact on Rights As it has described, the proposed decision had negative impact on the rights of several stakeholder groups in terms of life, health, safty and security.KPC has negatively affected the health and well being of the society and its employees by potentially polluting their environment .Therefore, KPC’s decision would be considered unethical. It has failed to respect the stakeholders’ values and preserve their health and safety rights, by not disclosing appropriate information to the public and also not taking the necessary steps to solve its technical problem. 5-Is It Sustainable Development? From the environmental prospective, KPC has to operate in accordance with high environmental protection standards. In order to prosper and progress in future, the company has to equip itself with the newest technology and skills required to keep the environment safe and sound. Conclusions and Recommendations The analysis has shown that, although KPC’s decision to defer the installation of the new processing technology might promise the short term profitability of the company and guarantee the shareholders’ interests and can be within governmental limits at the presents, it is not fair or right to the other stakeholders. Moreover, with regard to the valid probability of the decision revelation as well as the cost -benefit analysis, the long profitability of KPC might be at risk .The company may end up with paying high clean up costs and expenses. Consequently, KPC’s decision is unethical and may result in future public negative reaction and failure. The above mentioned facts and consequences should be fully taken into consideration by the Board of directors.Therefor,Kardell’s board of directors should act immediately and solve the pollution problem by adopting the new processing technology and accepting the fact that the company’s long term success and productivity depends on this action. In addition, KPC can resolve the probable job loss and unemployment during the retrofit by providing employees with early retirement packages or even ask the government to assist those employees with the unemployment insurance.

Universal Healthcare Persuasive

The United States is the only developed nation without universal health care coverage, and the current state of affairs is bankrupting millions. the United States spends more on health care per an individual than any other nation, the World Health Organization reports that the United States only ranks 28th for life expectancy and 37th for mortality of children under the age of 5. For immunizations, the United States ranks 67th – Botswana is 66th. More than 46 million Americans go uninsured each day, 9 million of whom are children. Some believe that universal health care would bankrupt America, but the Congressional Budget Office found that it would actually save $100 to $200 billion dollars per a year, according to the Connecticut Coalition for Universal Health Care. The cost of health care in the United States is also costing American jobs. To avoid hefty insurance premiums, American businesses have moved offices out of the States. Health Care Statistics in the United States Health Insurance. The United States is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not have a universal health care system. Source: Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences In 2010, the percentage of Americans without health insurance was 16. 3%, or 49. 9 million uninsured people. Source: US Census Bureau Of the 83. 7% of people with health insurance in 2010, coverage was 55. 3% employment-based, 9. 8% direct-purchase, and 31. 0% government funded (Medicare, Medicaid, Military). (Overlap reflects coverage by more than one type of health insurance). Source: US Census Bureau The primary reason given for lack of health insurance coverage in 2005 was cost (more than 50%), lost job or a change in employment (24%), Medicaid benefits stopped (10%), ineligibility for family insurance coverage due to age or leaving school (8%). Source: National Center for Health Statistics More than 40 million adults stated that they needed but did not receive one or more of these health services (medical care, prescription medicines, mental health care, dental care, or eyeglasses) in 2005 because they could not afford it. Source: National Center for Health Statistics Medicaid, which accounted for 15. 9% of health care coverage in 2010, is a health insurance program jointly funded by the federal and state governments to provide health care for qualifying low-income individuals. Source: US Census Bureau Medicare, a federally funded health insurance program that covers the health care of most individuals 65 years of age and over and disabled persons, accounted for 14. 5% of health care coverage in 2010. Source: US Census Bureau Medicare operates with 3% overhead, non-profit insurance 16% overhead, and private (for-profit) insurance 26% overhead. Source: Journal of American Medicine 2007 Since the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) was created in 1997, the percentage of children ages 0-17 with health insurance has increased from 86% to 93%. Source: National Center for Health Statistics: December 2011 2. 5 million young adults have gained health insurance as a result of the provision in the Affordable Care Act that allows them to remain on their parents insurance plans until age 26. Source: National Center for Health Statistics: December 2011 Health Care Expenditures Health care expenditures in the United States were nearly $2. 6 trillion in 2010, an average of $8,402 per person. Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services In 2009, national health care expenditures were paid by households 28%, private businesses 21%, state and local governments 16%, and federal government 27%. Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 75% of all health care dollars are spent on patients with one or more chronic conditions, many of which can be prevented, including diabetes, obesity, heart disease, lung disease, high blood pressure, and cancer. Source: Health Affairs Half of health care spending is used to treat just 5% of the population. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 Since 2001, employer-sponsored health coverage for family premiums has increased by 113%. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 The share of the economy devoted to health care has increased from 7. 2% in 1970 to 17. 9% in 2009 and 2010. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 The U. S. spends substantially more on health care than other developed countries. As of 2009, health spending in the U. S. was about 90% higher than in many other industrialized countries. The most likely causes are higher prices, more readily accessible technology, and greater obesity. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, May 2012 Infant Mortality In 2005, the United States ranked 30th in infant mortality. Singapore has the lowest rate with 2. 1 deaths per 1000 live births, while the United States has a rate of 6. 9 deaths per 1000 live births. Infant mortality is considered an important indicator of the health of a nation. Source: CDC, NCHS Data Brief, Number 23, November 2009 Approximately 30,000 infants die in the United States each year. The infant mortality rate, which is the risk of death during the first year of life, is related to the underlying health of the mother, public health practices, socioeconomic conditions, and availability and use of appropriate health care for infants and pregnant women. Sources: CDC and National Center for Health Statistics, 2008 The main cause contributing to the high infant mortality rate in the United States is the very high percentage of preterm births. One in 8 births in the United States were born preterm, an increase of 36% since 1984. Source: CDC, NCHS Data Brief, Number 23, November 2009 Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth in the United States is an estimated 78. 49 years, which ranks 50th in highest total life expectancy compared to other countries. Source: CIA Factbook (2011) Lack of health insurance is associated with as many as 44,789 deaths per year in the United States. Source: Harvard Medical School Study, American Journal of Public Health, December 2009 People without health insurance had a 40 percent higher risk of death than those with private health insurance, a result of being unable to obtain necessary medical care. Source: Harvard Medical School Study, American Journal of Public Health, December 2009 Bankruptcy Nearly two-thirds, or 62%, of all bankruptcy filings in the United States in 2007 were due to illness or medical bills. Source: American Journal of Medicine, June 2009 Among the medical bankruptcy filers in 2007, most were well-educated, owned homes, employed in middle-class occupations, and three-quarters had health insurance. Source: American Journal of Medicine, June 2009 Everyone has the right to health, including health care, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Health care is a public good, not a commodity. The U. S. health care system must fulfill these principle s†¢Universality: Everyone in the United States has the human right to health care. †¢Equity: Benefits and contributions should be shared fairly to create a system that works for everyone. †¢Accountability: The U. S. government has a responsibility to ensure that care comes first. If you are against universal health care or don’t have an opinion on it at all, I urge you to read the following. I will attempt to simply and concisely prove why the United States needs to change its current health care system. In the United States of America, 44. 8 million people are without health insurance. Either they can’t afford it or they are denied coverage because the companies do not think they will be â€Å"economical enough†. Even if one does have medical insurance, chances are they will be denied coverage at one point in their life. This is due to the privatized, profit-driven system, which encourages legalese like co-pays, thresholds, limited coverage, and more. Our private system, contrary to popular belief, is incredibly expensive for the state. We give 15% of our GDP to healthcare for a system that is supposedly run by corporations. That’s the highest GDP percentage in the world that is spent on healthcare. Here’s why a universal healthcare system would be better for many reasons. Those who agree that health care is a basic human right (78% of Americans do) would easily list this as the first reason. Universal Health Care would also be cheaper. According to the WHO, the United States spends $3371 per person, per year for health insurance. Look at what these countries pay: Australia: $1017 (#2 in the world). Yeah. We pay three times as much as Australia, the number two country on the list, for a fundamentally broken system. And where does most of that money go? Into the pockets of big insurance company management. As for the doctor pay: Yes, doctors will be paid less. Perhaps as much as 30% less. In spite of this, doctors will still be one of the highest-paid professions in the United States, even with universal health care. Furthermore, under the new system that many are proposing, med school would be partially or completely subsidized by the government. Another argument often heard: â€Å"Taxes would spike†. Not if it’s done right. US government spending is SECOND-HIGHEST in the world per person, for a private system. Countries with Universal Health Care, like Australia, Canada, UK, etc. all have less government spending per person that us, and a better system. Same or less amount of spending means the same or less amount of taxes. Enough of the status quo. It’s time for change. It’s not just about voting with your heart, it’s about voting with your brain. Universal Health Care is the logical alternative.

Roman Catholic Church and Troubadours Essays

Roman Catholic Church and Troubadours Essays Roman Catholic Church and Troubadours Paper Roman Catholic Church and Troubadours Paper Richardson 1 Cody Richardson Mr. Payne Music Lit Troubadours The birth of troubadours resided in the rich culture of early 12th century France. They are considered by some to be the frontrunners of secular music. Many were persecuted and killed for their music by the Catholic Church. Troubadours carried the main theme of love in all of their songs. Songs consisting of many different kinds of love were played in courts and sometimes at public meetings. These songs always had to be appropriate for the courts that they were played. Troubadour music in some courts may have even been considered to be racy in current times. The songs helped to show the growing equalities amongst the classes. All troubadours had to show a massive understanding of the intricacies and interworking of the female mind in order to stay on the line of perversion, without crossing it. Most troubadours came from rich courtly families, who were well educated in Catholic schools. The troubadours were groundbreaking individuals who had to persevere through persecution of religious groups, class, and finding a place in their time (Stevens, Butterfield, Karp 798-790). A troubadour was not merely a musician who played other musicians music. They were well versed in the music advances of their time. Troubadours were able to write their own music and compose their own songs. The most highly noted troubadours would only Richardson 2 play for small groups of people, usually in courts. Many of these well-established troubadours would never play for public events. Instead they would allow other musicians to play their music in their place. Not all troubadours were in the same class of wealth. The type of payment received was decided by the amount of money a certain troubadour already possessed. Some independently wealthy troubadours only wanted fame and women as their rewards for singing in the courts. Others helped to spread the fame of a wealthier troubadour by traveling to other courts and playing their music for them. In return the poorer troubadours would receive funds, that one-day might allow them to climb the latter of success. There were also those troubadours who just wanted to play to gain love of a woman. To help them in their endeavors, many troubadours hired assistants called jongleurs (Jinright 1). Jongleurs helped troubadours perform their music. Having many different skills in all areas of performing allowed them to fill in wherever they were needed. Jongleurs had skills outside of just playing music and singing. Most jongleurs were well versed in skills such as juggling or dancing. Jongleurs created the raw materials for the troubadours to sculpt and use to create their songs. They were used to make up all the missing pieces that a show needed. Jongleurs were known to travel across countries from France to England for the opportunity to play a part in a troubadour’s performance. These traveling performers were the less educated, mainly lower class musicians, trying to make a living. Although some jongleurs possessed a considerable amount skill, they were never compared to the skills of the troubadour in charge of the show. Many times the skills of Richardson 3 jongleurs were overlooked or credited to the troubadour they were working under (Cheyette 78-86). Many troubadours came about due to the direct education of the Catholic Church. Catholic schools helped to teach and sculpt rich courtly children into having the power to create secular music. As troubadours began to flourish, Catholic churches began to feel attacked by their music. Many Catholic schools started screening their applicants to try and reduce the amount of troubadours that would be educated through catholic schools. Around 1209, after failed attempts by many Catholic institutions were made to convert nobility and their troubadours, a war began. The Catholic Church believed that secular music about love was a great sin that needed to be dealt with. After Simon of Montfort crushed the first poorly organized resistance of nobles, many troubadours fled and some decided to stay and fight as part of the Occitanian resistance. In 1216 the resistance defeated Simon and sent him home. Over one hundred years later the Pope decided to send inquisitors in to France, as a response to Simon of Montfort’s loss. This second effort was successful in ending the resistance. Many troubadours were burned alive and others were imprisoned (Jinright 1). Even after the major rise and fall of the troubadours, their ideas lived on through their music. They were the revolutionary thinkers of their time. Troubadours brought new ideas to the way of thinking in many different areas of life. Troubadours were able to express their views on both love and war. They were not afraid to express even the most erotic details of love or talk of epic battles, full of knightly honor. The lords and ladies of Richardson 4 medieval noble houses got bored with listening to work created in monasteries. The people of the time became more interested in music that told stories. Songs were created by the finest troubadours try and let citizens know about the crusades. Almost all songs talked of the victories won by fellow citizens who had ventured off to join the crusades. Their stories became similar to movies of our day about love and war. The songs gave young men and women ideal examples of how to treat each other. Knights heard these songs sung and tried to model their lives after the heroes from the stories. Some believe troubadours created the act of chivalry with their music. Chivalry is one of the only legacies still living left by the troubadours (Stevens, Butterfield, Karp 798-790). Chivalry is one thing the troubadours gave to society that can never be taken away by time. The Catholic Church had a big role in killing many other parts of the troubadour’s legacy almost completely. Much of the songs created in medieval times were lost do to the teachings of the Catholic Church. The church taught that only religious songs could be written down and saved. Troubadours had to memorize all of their songs they created in order to have anything to play. Making it more difficult for any artist to prosper, who was trying to create secular music. This made for the creation of much easier songs that could be remembered with just listening. The songs were very simple and usually sung with a single melodic line. The troubadours composed their music by joining a single note of music with a single syllable of text. Sometimes they would add in many notes bring sung to a single syllable of text.. Troubadour’s songs form was often very free flowing. Some songs could be strophic in form as well. The church also taught that God did not want composers Richardson 5 to take credit for their songs. No single troubadour could own his or her own songs because they did not have the ability to write them down. If a troubadour heard another artist’s song, they must simply be able to remember it and then go sing it. The rules of the Catholic Church made it impossible for most of the troubadour’s songs to be saved. Most of the footprints left by the troubadours can be seen through the careful study of how their music affected the society of their time (Stevens, Butterfield, Karp 798-790). The change from a Catholic Church dominated society to a free thinking more secular society was brought on strongly by the troubadours. They created revolutionary thoughts that spread against the Catholic way of thinking, every time they performed. They changed music forever in ways that were felt much later down the road. Chivalry is seen and practiced in every country around the world. Troubadour’s songs of love and war have been translated into movies. Movies about true love and about treating women a certain way, are produced every year. Action movies are produced showing courage and giving examples of great heroes. They all serve the same purpose as the songs did for the people of the medieval era. It allows people to imagine themselves as characters in the story and strive to be more like them one day. Most of today’s society probably does not know how its entertainment originated. It came from the revolutionary thinkers of the medieval times. They defied the church and created their own way of life. Many troubadours paid for these songs of revolution with their lives. Although there music is lost, their contributions to society will never be forgotten (Jinright 1).

Make good writing second nature - Emphasis

Make good writing second nature Make good writing second nature A question for the drivers: how much of the drive to work this morning do you remember? The answer, probably, is not much, because youre so used to the process that you no longer need to consciously think about it. Its the same for learning any new skill, including writing. With sustained effort and attention, the skill becomes second nature. This is why we recommend to clients that they follow up their training day with a Coaching clinic, to reinforce the progress made on the course and follow up on any continuing concerns. There are four stages to learning a new skill, according to a model developed by Gordon Training International, and you have to go through each to reach the point where you can perform the skill well, seemingly without thinking. 1. Unconscious incompetence You dont know what you dont know 2. Conscious incompetence You know what you dont know 3. Conscious competence You know how to do it, but you have to think about it 4. Unconscious competence Youre practised enough to do it automatically. Mistakes are common at the conscious competence stage, even though you know by then what you need to do and how to do it. This is why we offer one-to-one follow-up coaching on all our courses. Before training, we gather writing samples from each participant and analyse them in detail, producing a graph that identifies and quantifies your individual problem areas. We go through this process again after the initial course to see where you have improved and what you still need to work on, so that in the follow-up coaching the trainer can work with you to iron out lingering errors. If you or your staff have been trained by us and would like to arrange follow-up coaching, or you would like to talk about arranging both, email us or call us on +44 (0)1273 732 888.

Theoretical Position Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theoretical Position - Research Paper Example Hence, it has been considered important to discuss their perspectives individually so that the reader gets a better idea of the differences in their theoretical perspectives. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Fred was the Austrian psychiatrist, psychologist and neurologist and is regarded as the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud’s psychoanalysis theory beholds that there are some childhood experiences that an individual holds back into his unconscious mind without showing any disapproval to these experiences when he was a child. These experiences are coupled with his sexual individuality regarding one or both of his parents. Thus, his psychological functioning is predicted based on these experiences. The physician has to bring out these experiences or memories from the patient’s unconscious for the treatment. This was a new approach for psychoanalysis referred to as Freud’s couch (Matthis & Szecsody, 2009) in which the patient is made able to recollect his past experiences. F reud’s theory is thought to be more inclined towards the libido concept or the sexual identity of an individual. His theory of the unconscious mind states that the psychological functioning of an individual contains several layers in itself which are not just controlled by the conscious mind. The behavior is just as well controlled by what has been stored in the unconscious mind since early childhood. The goal of psychoanalysis, according to Freud, is to make the unconscious act like conscious. However, this theory has been criticized by other psychoanalysts. Carl Jung Carl Jung also studied analytical psychology and the role of unconscious on human behavior and coupled it with spirituality. He discussed the interpretation of dreams, art, mythology and religion in the context of psychoanalysis. He was of the view that human psychological functioning cannot be explained through simple logics. Although Freud and Carl worked upon the same context, that is, the unconscious mind b eyond the logical rules; however, some basic concepts of the Freudian theory regarding the legitimacy of psychoanalysis led to disagreements between the two. Jung divides his psyche theory into three portions: ego. Personal unconscious, and collective unconscious (Boeree, 2006).His personality theory describes the introversion and extroversion attitudes of humans and the four functions that control human psychology: feeling, thinking, sensation and intuition. A person behavior is controlled by two functions at a time when the other two can remain suppressed. Alfred Adler Alfred Adler is known as the neo-Freudian psychoanalyst and he also studied the unconscious part of the brain. Adler is known for his contribution more toward the development and research on psychotherapy, teacher training and counselling. Apart from looking into the basic concepts of personal psyche, he made efforts to make the fact be realized that mental illness can b e prevented by implementing social equality. He studied the effects that social relationships can have on the human behavior or psychological functioning. Thus, he makes a shift from the intra-psychic phenomenon and emphasizes more on the inter-psychic phenomenon. His approach is referred to as individual psychology which focuses on the individuality of a person rather than Freudian concept of behavior universality. He believed that the

Human Resource Management for Service Idustries Assignment

Human Resource Management for Service Idustries - Assignment Example used on integrating the traditional functions of personnel management in the corporate strategies and objectives of a business is that additional human resource oriented functions of an organization can be adequately performed. In contrast, PM involves the use of traditional personnel management approaches to ensure the maintenance of equitable conditions for employment. The tourism and hospitality service sector is a diverse sector in terms of employment trends and patterns. In some regions and geographical areas, hospitality and tourism act as a high status and attractive employment industry which displays a competitive pay scale and supportive working conditions. In contrast, many of the sub sectors of the hospitality and tourism sector are marked with low pay for the employees, high staff turnover rates, poor working conditions, exploitation of the socially disadvantaged communities, the lack of effective recruitment and selection skills in the key areas and the absence of an adequate level of professionalism and fair practices in the human resource management systems. In such scenarios, the human resource managers of the hospitality and tourism sectors face complex challenges while recruiting, selecting, developing and retaining a competent, well motivated, engaged, committed and well managed group of employees. It can be argued that all these human resource management factors are absolutely necessary for maintaining desirable levels of performance standards and efficiency within an organization. Therefore, the role of the HRM becomes more profound in the current dynamic and continually changing landscape of the service sector. Since any service industry, including the tourism and hospitality industry extensively depends on the direct communication of the company personnel and representatives with the customers and on the level of customer services provided to the clientele groups, therefore, the role of human resource personnel is highly significant in

FedEx The Success Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FedEx The Success Story - Essay Example This paper looks at these aspects in detail. The enduring success of FedEx has been in part due to the wisdom, knowledge and information imparted towards the employees in helping them gain a better understanding and applying a number of company principles and policies. The philosophy at FedEx has always been People, Service, Profit. People always come first. A deep understanding of what makes people tick, their inner psychology, motivations, desires and aspirations are key factors that the company strives to take into account when dealing with them. As people everywhere are varied, FedEx accepts their diversity and understands that each individual must be handled differently. The company attempts to find a common ground between itself and the customer where both mutually agree on terms and conditions and are satisfied with the business goals. The second point is service. To maintain long term customer relationship, the company makes sure that its own philosophy, work practices are sound and credible. When its own employees and leaders are comfortable with the system and have understood it fully, they are able to serve the customer better. The service side of the business is always scrutinized and made adaptable to a changing economic environment. FedEx maintains quality control at every level from the handlers to the customer service representatives. The third aspect is profit. Without the first two factors in place and functioning properly, profits may be affected. FedEx uses cutting edge technology and analytical systems to ensure that the company is on the right course. Variations in profit margins are evaluated and set against the backdrop of the bigger competitive economic picture and also internal company practices. If need be, a revision of policies are made. The company might also look into the process of innovation and how it can be improved upon. The underlying pattern in FedEx is constant change and adaptation. FedEx recognizes the changing world and business environment and in order to be a part of the evolution process, they have continually evaluated business models and strategies. The company regularly studies market trends and the competition and attempts to stay one step ahead. As their customer base expands and a diverse range of people have varied number of requirements, customer satisfaction is very important and FedEx has addressed the expectations and desires of its customers. FedEx has also recognized that the present global economy is extremely competitive and preserving a status quo would not suffice. In order to grow, the company strives to change constantly. This means being flexible in organizational procedures. Rather than sticking rigidly to company policies, an open more adaptable policy towards change has taken place at FedEx. FedEx's growth depends on successfully meeting and anticipating varying customer's requirements in a competitively differentiated manner. Competitive differentiation works on planning and providing customer value offers that are of better-quality that those offered by the competition and which are considered to be a better investment. In designing customer value propositions, each department and employee is directly or indirectly participates in the development. As people are involved in the innovation process, FedEx employees are expected to believe that

Different Temperatures On Degradation

Different Temperatures On Degradation Abstract: This experiment was planned to study how different temperatures can affect the loss of vitamin C in orange juice stored for a fixed period of time. Equal volume of freshly squeezed orange juices with known (initial) vitamin C concentration were stored at different temperatures i.e. 10oC, 20 oC, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC and 60 oC for a constant duration of 5 days. After the storage period, the vitamin C concentration for each temperature was measured by DCPIP titration and the difference relative to the initial concentration was calculated to calculate the amount of vitamin C reduced. The result of this experiment showed that the amount of vitamin C lost increases with the increase in temperature and 10oC was the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C concentration. An analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has revealed a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables with the calculated r value exceeds the critical value at 5 % si gnificant level thus, supporting the experimental hypothesis. Keywords: vitamin C, ascorbic acid, DCPIP (dichlorophenolindophenol) Research and Rationale: Vitamin C is a remarkable compound derived from one of the ascorbic enantiomers, L-ascorbate. It is a water soluble vitamin that cannot be naturally synthesized in human body.1 Therefore, it is vital to have our diet balanced with adequate amount of it every day. There are two important roles played by vitamin C; antioxidant and collagen formation.2 These two features have placed vitamin C in a class of its own as a future potential in fostering better health. A previous research regarding relationship between vitamin C and human brain has shown that vitamin C could help drugs to pass the blood brain barrier.6 This would enable brain diseases such as Parkinson to be effectively treated as artificial dopamine can be delivered directly to the brain. At the same time, the biggest challenge in bone marrow treatment i.e. getting enough cells, could possibly be solved as a recent study by Dunagqing Pei13 on vitamin C, has found that it can boost the production and pluripotency of stem cells in human body. However, Vitamin C is also known to be very vulnerable towards heat. The precursor of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, has molecular of C6H8O6. The proximity of highly electronegative oxygen atoms on the hydroxyl (OH) groups makes the hydrogen atoms to become easily detached from the structure. Meanwhile, the presence of heat causes the hydroxyl bond to break the ascorbic acid is said to undergo destruction or oxidation by losing hydrogen atoms, forming dehydroascorbic acid. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate of ascorbic acid destruction is significantly greater at higher temperature.* Diagram 1. The structure of Ascorbic Acid.7 Diagram 2. Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid.8 Most of the studies on vitamin C degradation are principally based on the effect of storage condition and period, and very few were done on identifying the degradation trend within a specific range of temperature. Previous research3, on the effect of storage methods and conditions on vitamin C retention in human milk revealed that freezing reduces the least amount of vitamin C as compared to other storage methods, followed by refrigeration which is better than cold water. Another study at Ankara University4, has shown an inverse relationship between temperature and retention rate of vitamin C in citrus fruit concentrates, while orange fruit was found to have higher retention ability than the others. Therefore, this experiment was aimed to find a specific trend regarding the effect of temperature on the loss of vitamin C. Citrus fruits (orange) were used in this experiment due to appreciable amount of vitamin C that they have, thus, increasing the reliability of the results. The results from this study can be used to illustrate how certain temperatures can cause drastic change in vitamin C hence, increasing the awareness on appreciating the effort of preserving vitamin C content in food for optimum health benefit. For instance, in agricultural tropical regions that grow citrus fruits, it becomes very vital to preserve the fruits at low temperature if possible due to higher chance of vitamin C destruction than other regions. Experimental Hypothesis: The higher the temperature, the higher the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the different temperature and the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. PLANNING Trial: 1) Choosing the best citrus fruits: 4.2 Five types of citrus fruits were randomly chosen, namel: lemon, lime, grapefruit, Clementine and orange. The fresh juice of each fruit was obtained through cutting and squeezing. The vitamin C content for each juice was determined by titration against 1 ml of 1 % DCPIP. The titration was repeated two times to get an average volume of the juice needed to decolourise DCPIP. The result: The least volume of orange was needed to decolourise DCPIP, indicating that it has the highest vitamin C content. Therefore, orange fruit was chosen as it would give significant response towards different temperatures. 3) Determining the best storage period: Several orange fruits were squeezed to obtain fresh orange juice that would be enough for its vitamin C content to be measured on daily basis. Firstly, the initial vitamin C content of the juice was measured and 4.8 ml was needed to decolourise 1 ml of DCPIP solution. Equal volume of the remaining juice was divided into two beakers and each was stored in an incubator of different temperatures (10 oC and 60 oC). Two distinctive temperatures were chosen to allow easy comparison of the trend in each temperature. The result: The result shows no more change in volume of juice required after 5 days for 60 oC. Therefore, storage period of five days were chosen for the main experiment. MAIN EXPERIMENT Variables: Manipulated variable: Different temperatures (oC) (6 incubators were set at different temperatures of 10 oC, 20 oC 0, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC and 60 oC) Responding variable: Amount of vitamin C lost (By DCPIP titration, the difference between initial and final vitamin C concentration in each juice was calculated to determine the concentration of vitamin C reduced) Fixed variables : Storage period, volume and concentration of DCPIP, type of fruits (The storage period was five days. 1ml of 0.1% DCPIP Used for each titration) Apparatus: Beakers, knife, test tubes, syringes, Parafilm, aluminium paper, incubators, mortar and pestle, measuring cylinder. Materials: Orange fruits, 1% dichlorophenolinophenol (DCPIP) solution, distilled water, 500 mg vitamin C tablet. Real Experimental Procedures: Standardizing Vitamin C Concentration: 1) A tablet of 500 mg vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powders using a mortar and a pestle. 2) The powdery form of vitamin C was then dissolved into 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker to form 5 mg/ml of ascorbic solution. 3) 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 4) 1 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was then taken using a syringe and added drop by drop into the measured DCPIP solution until decolourised. 5) The volume of ascorbic acid solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was recorded. 6) The titration process was repeater three times to get an average volume. The result of titration is as follows: Volume of Juice Titrated / ml Hence, 2.5 ml of 5 mg/ml of ascorbic acid solution was needed to decolourise 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution To find a formula to calculate vitamin C concentration in orange juice, Conc. of orange juice (mg/ml) Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) = 5 mg/ml 2.5 ml Since the volume needed to decolourise is proportional to vitamin C concentration. So. Conc. of orange juice (ml) 2.5 ml = 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (mg/ml) 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Therefore, this calculation would be used to calculate the vitamin C concentration. Determining vitamin C loss: 10 orange fruits were cut and squeezed to obtain fresh juice. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and placed into a test tube by using a syringe. 1 ml syringe was filled with the orange juice and added drop by drop into the DCPIP solution until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded. The titration was repeated five times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the derived formula. The juice was then divided into 6 equal volumes and each placed into 100 ml beaker. The top of each beaker was sealed with Parafilm and its surface was wrapped with aluminium paper and labelled with different temperatures. The beakers were placed in six incubators of different temperatures according to the label and left for five days. After five days, the beakers were sealed off. 1 ml of 1% DCPIP solution was measured and transferred into a test tube by using a syringe. The orange juice stored in 10 oC was taken by a syringe and added drop by drop into the DCPIP until it decolourised. The volume of juice added was recorded The titration was titrated three times to get an average volume and its vitamin C concentration was calculated using the formula: 2.5 ml Concentration of orange juice (mg/ml) = X 5 mg/ml Vol. of orange juice (ml) Steps 8-10 were repeated but this time using the orange juices stored in oC, 30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC and 60 oC. The difference between the initial concentration and the final concentration of each juice was calculated to determine the amount of vitamin C lost. Risk Assessment: The process of cutting the orange fruits required the use of knife, so it was done carefully to avoid any injury. The fruits were then squeezed very gently to minimise heat production. The juice was only prepared right before the experiment was about to be carried out. DCPIP is a strong dye which is hard to be removed so lab coat was worn. During the titration of juice against DCPIP, the test tube was not shaken vigorously to avoid oxygen from dissolving. The juice was discarded immediately after the experiment. Results: The initial vitamin C concentration: Volume Needed to Decolourise DCPIP Solution (ml) Therefore, 4.6 ml of the fresh orange juice needed to decolourise DCPIP. So, 2.5 ml Initial vitamin C concentration = X 5 mg/ml 4.6 ml = 2.7174 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  2.72 mg/ml Hence, the vitamin C reduced: = 2.72 X * x is Vitamin C concentration left. Vitamin C concentration lost in different temperatures: Statistical Analysis: Based on the result from the table, it is known that there is an obvious trend and correlation between the temperature and vitamin C loss. Therefore, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PMCC) was chosen to measure the strength of this relationship. In this method, the value of correlation coefficient, r needs to be calculated which ranges from -1 to 1. The details of its values are as follow: 0 < r à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1 = positive linear relationship -1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ r < 0 = negative linear relationship à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ (1750 X 3.68388) * Critical values for PMCC in appendix 1 Therefore, the value of correlation coefficient, r, using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has shown a strong positive linear relationship between temperatures and loss of vitamin C. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected. Data Analysis: Table 4 shows the volume of the freshly-squeezed orange juice needed to decolourise 1ml of 1% DCPIP solution. The average volume was used to calculate the concentration of vitamin C present initially. Meanwhile, Table 5 shows the amount of vitamin C concentration reduced after being stored at different temperatures for five days. From the table, there is an inverse relationship between the vitamin C concentration left and the amount of vitamin C lost. There is also a huge difference in the amount of vitamin C left between the juice stored in 10 oC andt the one stored at 60 oC, which is 2.11 mg/ml. This represents 77.6% of the original concentration of vitamin C. The calculated statistical correlation coefficient, r of 0.9584 is absolutely a strong indicator to support this relationship. Graph 1 illustrates the trends and correlation between the two variables. From the graph, it can be concluded that generally, the higher the temperature, the higher the amount of vitamin C lost. 10 oC is the best temperature that gave the least reduction in vitamin C level with only 0.12 mg/ml (4.4%) decrease after five days. Meanwhile, 60 oC caused maximum drop in concentration after five days with 2.23 mg/ml (82%) of vitamin C had lost. The largest gap in vitamin C loss occurred between 40 oC and 50 oC with 1 mg/ml (37%) of increase recorded. Based on the graph, the amount of degradation at 20 oC and 30 oC opposed the general trends when 0.6 mg/ml vitamin C had lost at 10 oC which is greater than 0.56 mg/ml at 30 oC. However, the difference is so small which suggests that this anomaly might be due to several reasons: Higher rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid by oxygen in the atmosphere. False end-point titration Apart from that, the results obtained have also shown that there is only a little change in vitamin C concentration from 10 oC to 30 oC. However, drastic change in concentration started to occur after 40 oC. This suggests that orange fruits should be kept below 30 oC with better vitamin C retention at lower temperature. Evaluation: From the results of the experiment, the huge difference in vitamin C lost between 40 oC and 50oC could be explained by the presence of enzyme ascorbate oxidase in citrus fruits. The function of this enzyme is still not fully understood, but one best suggestion is that it might involve in controlling the oxidation process of ascorbic acid.12 Just like any other enzymes, when the optimum temperature is exceeded, the bonds holding the ascorbate oxidase together start to break and it is said to be denatured. Therefore, the destruction of ascorbic acid takes place without any control. Measurement of vitamin C in this experiment was done by titrating the juice against dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). It is a strong oxidizing agent with distinctive blue colour and decolourised when being reduced by vitamin C.15 Therefore, the destruction of vitamin C by heat means that more is needed to decolourise DCPIP solution. Oxidation of DCPIP by oxygen in the atmosphere is one of the limitations of this experiment. Hence, the test tubes were not shaken vigorously during titration in order to minimise this limitation as vigorous moves can increase the rate of oxygen dissolving in a solution. The other limitation could be the side decomposition of vitamin C due to the presence of light and air. Just like temperature, ultraviolet ray from incidence light causes the hydroxyl bond in ascorbic acid to break, thus become oxidised. To reduce this limitation, the beakers containing orange juice to be stored at different temperatures were neatly wrapped with aluminium paper which is a good reflector of light and heat. The surfaced of the beakers were also sealed with Parafilm. This would prevent the entry of air and significantly reduce unnecessary oxidation of vitamin C in the juice. Several modifications can be made in the future to improve the accuracy and reliability of the results of this experiment. Iodine titration could be used as an alternative for DCPIP titration. Although this technique may require the use of more reagents, the result from the trial experiment has shown that the end point of titration is much easier to be identified. Besides, orange juice could be obtained by blending the peeled orange fruits instead of squeezing them. This ensures maximum amount of juice obtained from each fruit as well as preventing destruction of vitamin C by heat. Finally, percentage of vitamin C degraded can be used as the response variable instead of concentration. This would allow clearer illustration of the amount of vitamin C reduced for the readers and also make the comparison process easier. Conclusion: Based on the result of this experiment, it can be concluded that the higher the temperature, the greater the degradation of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The statistically calculated r value using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, 0.9584, is significantly higher than the critical value at 5% significance level thus, providing a strong evidence to support the hypothesis. Appendices: Appendix 1 The table of significance values for PMCC Sources Evaluation: Several recourses were used in providing me important information in completing this assignment. Sources 1 and 2 are books that are specially made about fruit management and also detailed information about vitamin C as well as compelling research on it. Both books were published after year 2005, so the information available is mostly up to date. Besides, I have also accessed journals available online. Sources 3 and 4 come from two well known websites for food and nutrition based journals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a trustable website with over 3100 members, publishing up to dates research related to nutrition and human. Sources 7, 8 and 9 are chemistry based websites, serving enormous information on the structures and reaction of biological compounds. Chemwiki is a virtual online based chemistry textbook, accessed by millions of people searching for chemistry knowledge. Sources 10 and 11 are websites exclusively made for vitamin C. The Vitamin C Foundation, for instance, is recognised by Internal Revenue Service, IRS in protecting vast information about vitamin C for public reference. Source 12, Scientific American magazine is a popular scientific magazine established for nearly two centuries since 1845 with more than 3.5 million readers all over the world. Therefore, there would be no doubt in reliability of the content in this magazine.